Objective To investigate the pathological mechanism of spinal injury by axial compression experiment of animal spine, and it has certain reference value for the treatment, prevention and research of spinal injury. Methods The biomechanical study of the rabbit spine segment was performed by spinal segment compression. And recording the compression process and performing strain analysis by Digital Image related technology (DIC). Results From the top to the bottom of the spine, the ultimate load and bearing capacity of the segment increased continuously; the average limit load of the corresponding single vertebral body was significantly larger than the segment; the strain of the intervertebral disc in the horizontal and vertical directions was significantly larger than that of the upper and lower vertebral bodies. Conclusion The order of the physiological structure from thoracic spine to the lumbar spine is increasing. The ultimate load and bearing capacity of the spine segment are increasing. The corresponding bearing capacity of the single vertebral body is better than that of the segment. In the process of compressing the compressive stress of the spine, the bearing capacity of the intervertebral disc should be taken into account and the injury of the spinal segment are mainly manifested as abnormal disc of the intervertebral disc.The research in this paper contributes to the prevention and treatment of spinal compression fractures, as well as the design of related therapeutic instruments and assistive devices.