Cellular and molecular biomechanics is one of major fields in biomechanics, and much progresses in mechanobiological and/or mechanochemical coupling have been made in the past three decades. As the most active field in biomechanics and biomedical engineering, it makes great impacts in biology, medicine, as well as agriculture. Here the conceptual framework, scientific issues, and methodological approaches in the field were reviewed, and some of open issues were discussed.