眼生物力学材料属性在体测量方法研究进展

李琦1,2,3, 王俊杰4, 王柯皓2,3,5, 蓝公仆6, 邱坤良7, 王大江8, 王晓飞1,2,3

【作者机构】 1北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院; 2北京航空航天大学生物力学与力生物学教育部重点实验室; 3北京航空航天大学北京市生物医学工程高精尖创新中心; 4温州医科大学附属眼视光医院,国家眼部疾病临床医学研究中心; 5北京航空航天大学医学科学与工程学院; 6佛山大学物理与光电工程学院,粤港澳智能微纳光电技术联合实验室; 7汕头大学香港中文大学联合汕头国际眼科中心; 8中国人民解放军总医院眼科医学部
【分 类 号】 R
【基    金】 国家自然科学基金项目(12472304,12272030,62575066),广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515011344)
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眼生物力学材料属性在体测量方法研究进展

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眼生物力学材料属性在体测量方法研究进展

李 琦1a,1b,1c,王俊杰2,王柯皓1b,1c,1d,蓝公仆3,邱坤良4,王大江5,王晓飞1a,1b,1c

(1.北京航空航天大学 a. 生物与医学工程学院;b. 生物力学与力生物学教育部重点实验室;c.北京市生物医学工程高精尖创新中心,d. 医学科学与工程学院, 北京 100083;2.温州医科大学附属眼视光医院;国家眼部疾病临床医学研究中心,浙江 温州 325027;3.佛山大学 物理与光电工程学院;粤港澳智能微纳光电技术联合实验室,广东 佛山 528000;4.汕头大学 香港中文大学联合汕头国际眼科中心,广东 汕头 515041;5.中国人民解放军总医院 眼科医学部,北京 100191)

摘要:角膜、巩膜和视神经乳头(optic nerve head, ONH)是维持眼部结构与视觉功能的关键组织。近年来,青光眼、圆锥角膜和高度近视均被证实与这些组织的生物力学变化密切相关。本文综述了在体眼生物力学材料属性的主要测量方法。外部主动加载的直接测量方法已形成成熟指标体系,但结果常受眼压和角膜厚度影响。无外部加载的直接测量方法在舒适度和安全性上具有优势,但受限于信号衰减与噪声干扰。患者特异性间接反演方法可实现个体化、非线性、各向异性材料属性识别,尤其在巩膜与ONH评估中彰显价值,但因模型复杂度较高、计算耗时较长,其临床应用受到限制。总体而言,在体测量正依托成像技术进步、计算能力提升,以及人工智能与多模态方法的协同发展不断推进,其临床价值有望进一步凸显。

关键词:角膜; 巩膜; 视神经乳头; 在体测量; 眼生物力学; 材料属性

角膜、巩膜和视神经乳头(optic nerve head,ONH)等组织在维持眼部结构完整性和视觉功能方面发挥着关键作用。组织的生物力学属性(例如刚度、黏弹性),直接决定组织在生理负荷下的承载与形变能力,进而影响视觉质量与神经组织安全性[1]。这些力学特性在高度近视、圆锥角膜、青光眼等眼部疾病的诊断、风险预测与手术治疗与术后评估中具有重要意义[2-4]

传统体外测量方法虽能提供精确的材料参数,却难以反映真实生理环境。例如,动态水合状态、瞬时眼压(intraocular pressure,IOP)波动、胶原纤维的动态重排、黏弹性的时变特征,以及跨组织的力学交互作用在体外条件下难以准确复现[5-6]。因此,在体测量方法逐渐成为研究重点[7-8]

光学相干弹性成像(optical coherence elastography,OCE)、布里渊显微镜(Brillouin microscopy,BM)、数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)等成像与测量方法的不断发展,为眼部组织的非侵入性生物力学评估提供了可能[9-10]

本文以“外部主动加载的直接测量”到“无外部加载的直接测量”,再到“患者特异性间接计算反演”的范式演进为主线,系统综述上述技术路径的物理原理、诊断价值与局限性,并对未来更优化的在体测量方法进行展望。

1 在体测量方法

1.1 外部主动加载的直接测量方法

已商业化的在体测量技术,多通过施加外部机械或声学载荷诱导生物组织产生可控变形,再借助解析模型将其换算为对应的材料参数。角膜凭借其透明性与易操作性的优势,成为最早实现此类在体测量的生物组织[11]

1.1.1 空气脉冲诱导的整体动态响应 眼反应分析仪(ocular response analyzer,ORA)是首个商用平台,通过空气脉冲和红外监测输出角膜屈服参数:角膜滞后量(corneal hysteresis, CH)和角膜阻力因子(corneal resistance factor, CRF),反映整体阻尼与刚度,将整体力学响应引入临床[12],测量原理如图1(a)所示[13]。在糖尿病患者中,CH和CRF较对照组升高10%~20%,提示角膜水肿及胶原异常导致阻力增加;但随病程进展,基质结构紊乱使其下降[14]。圆锥角膜患者则表现为CH和CRF显著降低15%~30%,反映胶原纤维分散和基质退化引起的动态响应减弱[15]。这些指标在临床上可用于早期筛查亚临床圆锥(灵敏度>90%),并辅助交联治疗剂量优化及屈光手术并发症风险预测[16-17]。然而,由于这些参数缺乏清晰的物理对应关系,加之设备更新停滞,ORA 已逐渐退出主流市场。

图1 Corvis ST与ORA测量指标示意图
Fig.1 Schematic illustrations of measurement parameters from Corvis ST and ORA

注:(a)ORA测量两次压平的指标[13];(b)Corvis ST设备测量正常角膜与圆锥角膜;(c)Corvis ST测量指标[19]

可视化角膜生物力学分析仪(corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology,Corvis ST)沿用空气脉冲加载,结合Scheimpflug高速成像,形成动态角膜响应(dynamic corneal response,DCR)参数集[18]。图1(b)展示了空气脉冲与成像过程,图1(c)展示了DCR测量原理[19]。Corvis ST在区分正常眼、亚临床及临床圆锥角膜方面较ORA更准确,而ORA的CH/CRF易受角膜厚度影响[3,20]。此外,DCR指标在青光眼中可间接反映ONH的重塑[21],在高度近视中亦能敏感检测角膜柔顺性增加,与近视程度和眼轴延长密切相关[22]

为了更深入地解读这些动态响应参数,研究人员尝试通过有限元模拟和统计方法,建立DCR与传统模量的对应关系[23-24]。有限元分析能够剥离厚度、曲率、材料属性及年龄等因素的干扰,提取更准确的材料属性。基于此,该方法的应用已进一步拓展至对前部巩膜力学特性的无创推断[25]

1.1.2 接触诱导的整体动态响应 动态角膜成像(dynamic corneal imaging,DCI)将微型压痕器与Placido盘成像技术相结合,在精准控制载荷的条件下,可量化角膜弯曲刚度[26]。基于Goldmann眼压计设计的角膜压痕装置(corneal indentation device,CID)[27-28],将角膜作为受眼压支撑的薄壳结构测量切线模量[29],在青光眼和眼压高患者中表现出良好的重复性,与 Corvis ST 的结果呈现一致性[30]。相比于空气脉冲,接触式压头能够输出缓慢可控的载荷,但需进行局部麻醉。

1.1.3 超声技术成像 超声技术因穿透力强且不受水含量影响,适用于全层角膜与前巩膜在体评估[31]。该方法利用超声成像捕捉诱导波的传播过程,进行波传播分析,从而提取局部波速并反演组织弹性模量。超声剪切波成像(supersonic shear imaging,SSI)以线弹性近似反演弹性模量,尤其适用于交联术后角膜各向异性变化监测[32]。图2展示了超声探头激发剪切波的原理示意图与测得的交联术前后角膜波速分布[33]。剪切波弹性成像(shear wave elastography,SWE)适用于巩膜和ONH,但需降低频率以增强穿透力[34]。图3展示了OHN及其周围组织感兴趣区的影像与波速[35]。超声表面波弹性测量(ultrasound surface wave elastometry,USWE)则通过激发表面Rayleigh波速估算剪切模量[μρ(vR/0.95)2],已用于屈光术后角膜表面刚度分布的临床前评估[36]。此外,有研究尝试综合SSI、USWE及OCE参数反演整体弹性模量,但受角膜衰减影响,临床重复性仍有限[37]。在青光眼患者中,ONH的波速、弹性和黏度显著升高,且与IOP呈负相关;进一步的在体测量结果显示,眼眶脂肪与ONH的应变比值升高与病程、视野缺损及血管密度相关[38]

图2 SSI测量角膜交联术前后角膜波速分布[33]
Fig.2 SSI measurement of corneal wave speed distribution before and after cross-linking[33]

注:(a)SSI测量原理示意图;(b)角膜交联术前后波速分布图对比。

图3 SWE测量OHN及其周围组织感兴趣区的弹性模量[35]
Fig.3 SWE measurement of ONH and surrounding tissues: ROI images and elastic modulus[35]

注:(a)视神经;(b)视神经颞侧;(c)视神经鼻侧;(d)距视神经颞侧3.5 mm(黄斑区);(e)距视神经鼻侧 3.5 mm;(f)中周边部颞侧;(g)中周边部鼻侧。

1.1.4 外部激励的OCE 光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)为OCE提供了微米级形变测量能力。OCE同样使用包括剪切波速法、表面波法及黏弹性频散法在内的波传播分析反演材料参数[39-41]。除空气脉冲外,聚焦超声可产生声辐射力(acoustic radiation force,ARF),在组织内形成局部推力以诱导微小形变,即ARF-OCE[42]。图4展示了ARF-OCE对角膜局部测量出的相位位移响应[42]。动物实验显示,不同屈光手术后角膜层级模量存在显著差异,SMILE术式较FLEx能更好保留前基质的完整性[43]。振动器驱动的OCE(shaker-based OCE)在角膜或前巩膜表面施加微振动,诱导剪切波传播,可同时观测角膜与巩膜响应[44]。图5展示了通过移动探头在角膜不同点位测量得到的波速、模量与剪切刚度[45]。健康角膜的剪切波速为2.4~4.2 m/s,但受厚度和IOP影响,IOP升高可使测得的弹性模量显著增加,剪切波速度推算材料属性存在压力依赖性[46]。混响OCE(reverberant OCE,RevOCE)利用多激励源实现更大视野的非侵入性测量,在检测角膜交联术后各层弹性变化方面上优于单焦点的ARF-OCE,但存在设备复杂、采集时间较长等局限[47-48]。图6展示了RevOCE对眼球前节和后节的成像与波速测量[49]

图4 ARF-OCE测量角膜交联术前后的相位位移[42]
Fig.4 ARF-OCE measurement of phase-resolved displacement before and after cross-linking[42]

注:(a)兔眼角膜3 mm×3 mm区域的三维OCT重建;(b)健康角膜的OCE三维切块;(c)交联角膜的OCE三维切块;(d)交联术后的OCT影像、位移幅值图和量化位移图。

图5 OCE使用接触式探头测量角膜波速、剪切模量和接触刚度[45]
Fig.5 OCE using a contact probe to measure corneal wave speed, shear modulus, and contact stiffness[45]

注:(a)使用接触式探头的光学相干弹性成像示意图;(b)角膜的生物力学模型及受激弹性波,(i)展示了在IOP和面内张力σ作用下基质的微观结构,(ii)展示了沿角膜传播的A0模态波与剪切变形;(c)5次连续测量中的探头位置示意图;(d)两名志愿者在16 kHz下测得的波速(受试者1:30岁,受试者2:32岁);(e)16 kHz下角膜周边和中央的波动图像;(f)叠加在 OCT 图像上的16 kHz波速图(受试者1);(g)测得的剪切模量的横向分布;(h)计算得到的接触刚度分布。

图6 Rev-OCE对眼球前节与后节的成像与波速测量[49]
Fig.6 Rev-OCE imaging of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye and measurement of wave speed[49]

注:(a)小鼠眼球的三维 OCT 扫描重建;(b)三维影像与C平面的横截面图像,z 轴表示前后(A-P)方向,该方向与OCT物镜光束的光轴及眼球光轴一致;(c)前节横截面中的波速图,虚线矩形标示感兴趣区;(d)前节各眼部组成部分的波速比较;(e)眼球后节三维波速图的局部视图;(f)沿前后方向的弹性波速分布曲线。

1.2 无外部加载的直接测量方法

为避免外部激励带来的刺激与协作负担,研究者利用心搏脉动、生理微动及组织内热运动作为天然激励,实现“无感”在体测量[50]

1.2.1 相位去相关OCE 相位去相关OCE(phase-decorrelation OCE,PhD-OCE)通过高帧率OCT记录自然脉动引起的相位变化,计算去相关率Γ并映射至弹性模量与黏性系数。动物实验与临床研究均表明,角膜交联术后的角膜Γ显著下降,可以作为评估交联疗效的指标(见图7)[51]。该方法具备高分辨率和无感采集的优势,但结果依赖生理噪声与模型假设,算法稳健性仍需改进[41]

图7 PhD-OCT测量角膜交联术前后Γ值变化[51]
Fig.7 PhD-OCT measurement of changes in Γ values before and after corneal cross-linking[51]

注:离体猪角膜在交联处理(a)和假处理(b)前后的OCT反射图像(上图)及 PhD-OCT 图像(下图)示例,PhD-OCT 图像中的黑色虚线表示角膜前1/3的分割,视野范围为横向4.5 mm、纵向1.2 mm;(c)交联处理(n=5)和假处理(n=5)前后角膜前1/3区域平均Γ值(P<0.001);(d)3只离体猪眼球角膜前1/3区域平均Γ值(在交联过程中进行角膜成像,于紫外照射开始时及之后每隔10 min采集1次)。在交联后的示例中,OCT反射图像中用白色箭头标示了角膜分界线,该区域对应于PhD-OCT图像中活动性降低的区域。

1.2.2 眼底搏动OCE 眼底搏动OCE(fundus-pulsation OCE,FP-OCE)利用心动周期引起的脉络膜血管搏动,间接反映后巩膜与ONH的硬度与顺应性。随着近视程度加深,患者的脉络膜厚度、最大形变及应变均显著下降,提示巩膜刚度逐渐增加[52]。图8展示了心动周期与眼底搏动的位移变化原理图,以及不同程度近视患者眼底的FP-OCE测量波速和应变[52]

图8 FP-OCE测量低度、高度、病理性近视患者的OCT影像、波速和应变[52]
Fig.8 FP-OCE measurement of OCT images, wave speed, and strain in patients with low, high, and pathological myopia[52]

注:(a)脉络膜搏动模型示意图,血液被泵入脉络膜后部夹层,在收缩期膨胀,舒张期回缩;(b)不同近视阶段的代表性眼部图像(从上到下:低度近视、高度近视和病理性近视;从左到右:B扫描图像,M扫描视图叠加波速,脉络膜应变率与应变的时间曲线)。

1.2.3 高分辨率超声应变成像 高分辨率超声(ultra-high frequency ultrasound,UHFUS)应变成像利用超高频探头捕捉眼内脉搏波引起的微小形变,并生成全层应变图,以相对刚度反映局部力学特性。图9展示了脉搏波对IOP测量结果的影响以及不同眼压下UHFUS测得的此微小应变[53]。对人眼供体的分析显示,ONH与周围脉络膜在不同IOP下主要表现为径向压缩,且老年供体中显著增强[53]。该方法对圆锥角膜中心异常软化尤为敏感,但结果易受漂移与噪声的影响。

图9 UHFUS应变成像测量脉搏波引起的角膜应变[53]
Fig.9 UHFUS strain imaging measuring corneal strain induced by pulse waves[53]

注:(a)IOP控制和监测装置示意图;(b)IOP加载方案;(c)模拟眼脉搏产生的IOP循环及其对应的应变,红框标示第1个脉搏波循环;(d)第1个脉搏波循环期间的应变;(e)第1个脉搏波循环期间不同IOP水平下的角膜应变图。

1.2.4 布里渊显微镜 BM基于光散射频率偏移原理,无需施加外部载荷即可在微米尺度实现成像,输出纵向弹性模量的三维分布特征。该技术分辨率较高,能够清晰分辨角膜的层次结构,对交联作用引发的模量变化及早期圆锥角膜的诊断具有更高敏感性,性能优于OCE与Corvis ST。图10展示了采用BM测量得到的角膜二维布里渊模量分布图,以及角膜中心与周边区域的代表性布里渊曲线[54]。然而,该方法仅能获取纵向模量,同时存在采集窗口狭窄、对组织水含量敏感及设备成本高昂等局限性[55]。近期相关研究正尝试通过滤波技术与脉冲模式优化以提升信号信噪比,进而实现对巩膜的有效测量[56]

图10 运动追踪BM测量正常角膜结果[54]
Fig.10 Motion-tracking BM measurement of normal cornea[54]

注:(a)正常角膜的布里渊图,色条表示布里渊频移(GHz),XY轴坐标标注了一系列同心圆的直径;(b)中心与周边的代表性布里渊曲线。

1.3 患者特异性间接计算反演方法

上述测量方法均属于直接测量范畴:通过施加外部激励或利用生理激励诱导组织产生变形或波传播,借助相对简化的解析模型,直接将观测数据换算为弹性模量或经验指数。此类方法的本构假设较为简化,难以充分解耦IOP、组织几何形态与纤维分布的耦合影响,在后巩膜与ONH区域的适用性尤为有限。与之相对,计算反演方法以数字孪生理念为核心,整合硬件采集的高质量全场变形数据,结合个体化的几何模型、边界条件与纤维本构模型,通过迭代运算识别生物组织的非线性与各向异性力学参数。该类方法的计算与建模复杂度较高,通常需在完成测量后进行离线分析,但能够为从角膜至眼球后极部的生物力学评估提供统一的分析框架[57]

1.3.1 反演输入与全场数据获取 磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)凭借强大的穿透力和空间分辨率,能够在控制IOP等载荷的条件下呈现全眼宏观变形,但速度慢、成本高[65]。如图11所示,MRI能够获得全眼各组织的整体形状,并依据眼球形态对疾病进行分型[62-63]。OCT则能显示局部精细结构,但成像范围有限[66]。融合MRI整体形态与OCT局部细节可获得更完整的三维结构图[67]。临床上常结合影像学指标与人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)揭示青光眼与近视相关的力学变化,并生成诊断报告[68-69]。有限元反演进一步将影像数据转化为材料属性,比形态学指标更能揭示病变机制。

图11 MRI测量全眼形状与分割重建、绘制后巩膜形态地形图和后巩膜葡萄肿分型[62-63]
Fig.11 MRI measurement of whole-eye shape and segmentation-based reconstruction, mapping posterior scleral morphology topography, and classification of posterior staphyloma[62-63]

注:(a)体素尺寸0.2×0.2×0.4 mm、采集时间266 s的MRI影像;(b)体素尺寸0.2×0.2×0.9 mm、采集时间144 s的MRI影像;(c)使用ITK-Snap工具箱进行半自动分割和三维重建[62]。不同后巩膜葡萄肿分型的地形图:(d)无明显的眼球后部突出;(e)中央区域突出,后表面与中心的距离和曲率显著高于周围区域,隆起已清晰可见;(f)更大范围的突出,后表面与中心的距离和曲率显著升高,且在颞侧和鼻侧的隆起更加明显;基于 ATN 分类的三类近视性黄斑牵引病变影像:(g)T0,低形变方差,无明显病变;(h)T1-2,中形变方差,轻度视网膜劈裂;(i)T5,高形变方差,出现更严重的劈裂和黄斑孔[63]

DIC与数字体相关法(digital volume correlation,DVC),借助生物组织表面或内部散斑图案的时间连续性与相关性,可从序列影像中精准提取二维或三维位移场与应变场,已成功应用于OCT、Corvis ST等影像数据的分析[9,70]。如图12所示,研究者采用DIC技术对Corvis ST影像进行处理,实现了角膜位移与应变的定量测量[64]。图13则展示了DVC的基本原理流程,及其在眼压升高下测量ONH应变的结果[61]。在体研究表明,眼动与IOP均可引发ONH产生显著应变,青光眼及高度近视患者在此类刺激下表现出应变异常增大的反应,这一发现进一步揭示了组织力学性能弱化与疾病进展之间的潜在关联机制[71-73]。DIC与DVC算法已成为反演框架的标准输入方式之一[74]

图12 DIC测量Corvis ST影像中的角膜位移与应变[64]
Fig.12 DIC measurement of corneal displacement and strain in Corvis ST images[64]

注:在该程序中追踪了水平(U)和垂直(V)方向的全场位移,这些位移用于通过点对点最小二乘法估计3个柯西应变分量(εxxεyyγxy )。然后使用有限差分方法确定两个速度分量(UR 和 VR)和3个应变率分量(εxxR、εyyR 和γxyR)。

图13 DVC测量眼压升高下的ONH应变[61]
Fig.13 DVC measurement of ONH strain under elevated intraocular pressure[61]

注:(a)OCT成像示意图,使用15°×15°光栅对ONH成像一系列B模式扫描图像,并重建为C模式视图;(b)DVC技术流程图;(c)IOP由10 mmHg升高至20、30、40、50和60 mmHg情况下的应变图叠加OCT影像;(d)IOP升高不同程度下的筛板区域主应变的箱线图。

偏振敏感OCT(polarization-sensitive OCT,PS-OCT)通过双折射成像获取胶原纤维方向与分散度,提升反演精度与可解释性[59]。如图14所示,使用PS-OCT测量并描述了视盘周围巩膜纤维取向模型[59]。PS-OCT已用于早期病变识别、屈光手术筛查与交联手术随访,结果显示圆锥角膜与高度近视患者的纤维排列异常[75-76]。高度近视患者的巩膜后极部和圆顶状黄斑区内层纤维出现聚集和增厚,而外层纤维则表现为压缩[77]。在早期青光眼患者中,视网膜神经纤维层双折射显著改变,提示微管结构在厚度下降前已受损[78]。其他技术如二次谐波(second harmonic generation,SHG)成像与同步辐射X射线散射虽各具优势,但受设备与样本量限制,尚未进入常规临床应用[79-80]

图14 PS-OCE测得视盘周围巩膜纤维取向模型[59]
Fig.14 PS-OCE measurement of scleral fiber orientation model around capillaries[59]

注:(a)4位志愿者的视网膜影像、视神经纤维层取向、巩膜最内层取向、横截面上的叠加纤维取向模式影像;(b)视盘周围巩膜纤维取向模型,红色表示径向的纤维层,位于蓝色环向纤维层之前,靠近ONH时,环向的纤维层取代了径向的纤维层。

1.3.2 逆有限元法 逆有限元法(inverse finite element method,iFEM)利用患者特异性几何与真实载荷构建数字孪生模型,通过迭代优化材料参数,使模拟与实测变形高度吻合,从而能够输出非线性、各向异性且IOP独立的材料属性[81-82]。图15展示了iFEM通过优化参数使得模拟的空气脉冲引起的角膜变形逼近实测变形数据[58]。在角膜研究中,基于DCR的iFEM可生成三维模量映射并输出应力-应变指数(stress-strain index,SSI),在准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后扩张风险评估与亚临床圆锥角膜筛查中表现优于传统参数,并有效剔除干扰[83]。其作为耦合指标更真实反映角膜黏弹性响应,诊断敏感性和临床解释性均有优势,提示由反演方法得到的综合性指标也具备独特价值[84]。在巩膜与ONH研究中,iFEM已通过离体充气实验和动物模型反演得到区域性与纤维增强的非线性材料参数,揭示了应力水平和纤维取向的差异[85-86]。然而,目前尚无成熟的巩膜与ONH临床测量方案,主要受限于计算资源需求高、对初始假设与边界条件敏感,以及依赖高质量全场数据。

图15 iFEM反演角膜材料属性得到的模型预测位移与实测位移对比[58]
Fig.15 Comparison of model-predicted displacement with experimentally measured displacement under iFEM inversion of corneal material properties[58]

注:(a)眼球的三维反演有限元模型估算的形变幅度。红色、绿色和蓝色曲线分别表示在不同眼压(13、15和17 mmHg)下的估算形变幅度;(b)对同一只眼在不同时间点前角膜边缘的实际位移与模型估算位移的比较。

1.3.3 虚场法 虚场法(virtual fields method,VFM)以能量守恒与虚功原理为基础,不依赖迭代优化有限元模型,通过构造虚拟位移场u*与真实应力场σ的虚功平衡方程直接识别材料参数。图16展示了对ONH组织的建模与构造的虚位移场[60]。在筛板OCT应变数据上,VFM较iFEM具备极高计算效率与噪声鲁棒性,但对虚拟场选择与数据质量敏感[60,87]。已有研究尝试基于Covis ST影像使用VFM进行快速高效反演[88]。值得注意的是,该方法已在动脉壁、心肌等软组织研究中广泛应用,显示出在复杂材料参数识别上的优势,为眼组织研究提供了基础[89-91]

图16 VFM反演ONH材料属性时模型建立与施加的虚位移场[60]
Fig.16 VFM inversion of ONH material properties: model construction and application of virtual displacement fields[60]

注:(a)从一名健康受试者的ONH的OCT影像中数字化重建的筛板前区和筛板;(b)VFM的感兴趣区域(蓝色)与分割后的ONH几何结构之间的相对位置(视网膜/筛板前区为黄色,筛板为橙色);(c)VFM 使用的网格;(d)VFM采用的5个虚位移场示意图,x-z平面(冠状面)上,x-y平面(矢状面)上。

1.3.4 理论计算反演法 还有一类研究以解析或半解析力学模型为基础,实现材料参数的反演。例如,一种基于Corvis ST数据的理论计算反演方法将角膜简化为受IOP支撑的薄球壳结构,给出了线弹性杨氏模量的理论计算公式[92]。另外,又以遗传算法优化能量守恒方程反演黏弹性-超弹性材料属性参数,结果显示,反演参数呈正态分布,具有明确的力学意义,而DCR虽与之相关,但分布特征各异[93]。该类方法避免了iFEM的网格迭代和VFM的虚功构造,通过优化理论力学方程匹配实验数据,计算高效且易于临床扩展。但对复杂的情况适用性有限。

1.3.5 AI加速反演方法 总体而言,反演方法距离临床应用仍需在成像质量与算法优化方面取得突破。但借鉴其他软组织领域的研究经验,AI有望替代反演过程中的复杂计算,快速预测材料属性,进而推动该方法的临床转化与应用[94]。例如,将VFM损失函数引入神经网络框架,已在动脉充气实验中成功识别出各向异性超弹性材料的属性;二者的结合不仅解决了未知边界条件的难题,还提升了参数识别的稳定性[95]。目前,已有研究提出有限元法与神经网络相融合的技术框架:其一为有限元集成神经网络,该方法通过有限元法构建弱形式控制方程以降低计算成本,同时采集不同工况下监测点的力与位移数据作为标签,用于材料属性参数的训练,在弹性与弹塑性边值问题的求解中展现出高效、准确及抗噪声干扰的鲁棒性[96];其二是利用有限元方法生成海量数据,再借助神经网络学习将其转化为iFEM的优化器,以此构建降阶模型或快速近似器,从而在临床或大规模应用中实现预测效率的提升[97]

2 总结与展望

综上所述,目前在体眼生物力学测量经历了外部加载、无加载到患者特异性反演的演进,不同方法各具优势与局限(见表1)。空气脉冲与超声技术已形成成熟指数体系,适合角膜整体筛查,但受IOP、角膜厚度与模型假设影响;无加载方法在舒适度与分辨率上具优势,却受信号衰减与解析简化限制;反演方法结合数字孪生与全场数据,可实现个体化、非线性、各向异性且IOP独立的参数识别,尤其在巩膜与ONH评估中展现潜力,但计算需求限制临床应用。

表1 眼生物力学材料属性在体测量方法对比

Tab.1 Comparison of in vivo ocular biomechanics measurement methods

测量方法是否主动加载空间分辨率适用组织范围是否为传统模量是否可获得模量分布临床成熟度计算复杂度ORA是mm级角膜、前巩膜否否高低Corvis ST是mm级角膜、前巩膜否否高中Placido压痕仪是mm级角膜是否中低Shaker-based OCE是μm级角膜、前巩膜是是低中ARF-OCE是μm级角膜、前巩膜是是中中RevOCE是μm级角膜、巩膜是是低中SSI/SWE是μm级角膜/巩膜是是中中USWE否μm级角膜、巩膜是是中中PhD-OCE否μm级角膜、巩膜否是低中FP-OCE否μm级后巩膜、ONH否否低中UHFUS应变成像否μm级角膜、巩膜否是低中BM否μm级角膜是是低中iFEM取决于输入数据角膜、巩膜、ONH是是中特高VFM取决于输入数据角膜、巩膜、ONH是是低高

未来该领域的发展有赖于多方面的协同推进。首先,不同设备与技术平台间缺乏统一标准,指数与模量差异阻碍结果对比,亟需建立跨设备参数映射关系、统一的校准与规范化的流程。其次,多模态融合(OCT、MRI、超声)有望形成互补数据集,提升可靠性。AI与数据驱动方法将发挥日益关键的作用,可进一步加速反演过程、降低算力需求,并在风险预测与模式识别中发挥作用。结合物理算法提升可解释性,未来随着成像、计算能力进步以及AI与多模态融合的深入应用,将推动在体眼生物力学测量走向精准、高效与临床可及。

利益冲突声明:无。

作者贡献声明:李琦负责文献搜集整理,论文撰写和修改;王晓飞负责论文设计、撰写和修改;王俊杰、王柯皓、蓝公仆、邱坤良、王大江负责论文撰写和修改。

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Advances in in vivo Measurement Methods for Ocular Biomechanical Material Properties

LI Qi1a,1b,1c, WANG Junjie2, WANG Kehao1b,1c,1d, LAN Gongpu3, QIU Kunliang4, WANG Dajiang5, WANG Xiaofei1a,1b,1c

(1a. School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; 1b. Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education; 1c. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering; 1d. School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China; 3. School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China; 4. Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; 5. Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China)

Abstract:The cornea, sclera, and optic nerve head (ONH) are critical tissues for maintaining ocular structural integrity and visual function. In recent years, glaucoma, keratoconus, and high myopia have been confirmed to be closely associated with biomechanical alterations in these tissues. This review summarizes the main approaches for in vivo measurement of ocular biomechanical material properties. Externally induced direct measurement methods have established relatively mature index systems, but their results are often affected by intraocular pressure and corneal thickness. Non-loading direct measurement methods offer advantages in patient comfort and safety, yet remain limited by signal attenuation and noise. Patient-specific indirect inversion methods enable individualized, nonlinear, and anisotropic material property identification, showing particular values in the evaluation of the sclera and ONH, though their high model complexity and computational demands restrict clinical feasibility. Overall, in vivo measurement is advancing with improvements in imaging technologies, computational power, and the synergistic development of artificial intelligence and multimodal approaches, and its clinical values are expected to become increasingly prominent.

Key words:cornea; sclera; optic nerve head; in vivo measurement; ocular biomechanics; material property

收稿日期:2025-12-14; 修回日期:2025-12-16

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(12472304,12272030,62575066),广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515011344)

通信作者:王晓飞,教授,E-mail:xiaofei.wang@buaa.edu.cn

文章编号:1004-7220(2026)01-0017-17

中图分类号:R 318.01

文献标志码:A

DOI:10.16156/j.1004-7220.2026.01.006

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