Orthodontic biomechanics, through the integration of multiple disciplines, has made significant advancements in understanding tooth movement mechanisms, optimizing orthodontic techniques, and providing personalized treatment. Research indicates that three-dimensional finite element models accurately reveal the dynamic relationship between the stress distribution in periodontal tissues and bone remodeling, highlighting the critical role of light force control in ensuring treatment safety. Clear aligners, through low-friction elastic attachments (LFEH), collaborative anchorage strategies, and material mechanics optimization, significantly enhance the predictability of tooth movement, with LFEH design reducing lingual and buccal tilting stresses. The application of biologically active materials and smart archwires has significantly enhanced enamel resistance to demineralization and sustained light force release. Artificial intelligence technology is deeply integrated into the entire treatment process: dynamic prediction models based on deep learning optimize force application schemes, while real-time mechanical monitoring systems dynamically calibrate movement paths, promoting the precision of treatment. However, individual differences in biomechanical responses and complex movements remain key challenges. Future efforts should focus on integrating multimodal data to build intelligent diagnostic systems, developing mechanically responsive biomaterials and degradable anchorage devices, and deepening research on molecular-cell-tissue cross-scale mechanisms to achieve a leap from 'force-oriented' to 'biological response-oriented' precision orthodontics.