Objective To study the effect of the seat back angle on pilots’ neck injury. Methods Dynamic simulations were conducted on seat angle 17 degrees (SA17) and 22 degrees (SA22) during Sharp Turn and Stable Hover flight condition based on the established head-neck multi-body dynamic model. The maximum forces of neck muscle and time-varying curves of axial force and bending moment were obtained. The probability of neck injury was evaluated and predicted based on the N_ij neck injury criteria. Results It was shown that neck is flexion when the seat angle is 17 degrees, causing the trapezius and splenius capitis stretching. While the neck is extension when the seat angle is 22 degrees, causing the lingualis stretching. The muscle force of trapezius of SA17 was maximum under the same flight condition. For the same segment, the maximum axial force of SA17 is higher than that of SA22., while the maximum extension moment of SA22 is greater than that of SA17. The values of the axial force and moment of all simulated conditions were less than the defined injury assessment reference values. The maximum N_ij of C7-T1 segment of SA22 under Sharp Turn condition was the maximal among all simulated conditions, reaching the critical value in aviation field. When the N_ij of C7-T1 segment of SA22 reached the maximum under Sharp Turn condition, the probability of moderated injury for neck was 3.39%, and the probability of serious injury was 2.63%. Conclusion This study could provide simulated data support for evaluating the effect of seat angle on pilots’ neck injury.